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1.
Acta sci., Health sci ; 43: e49846, Feb.11, 2021.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1368509

ABSTRACT

Fibromyalgia is a disorder of the central nervous system, with the presence of chronic generalized pain, fatigue, morning stiffness, anxiety and depression symptoms. Higher amplitudes of the frequency band alpha2 have been associated with higher relaxationin this population. In the present study, we analysed the association between pain, anxiety, and the spectral power of alpha2 frontal in women with fibromyalgia. Thirty-one women diagnosed with fibromyalgia, for at least three months, took part in the study. Results revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between pain and anxiety levels. However, we found no association between the spectral power of alpha2 in the frontal cortex and the measures between anxiety and pain in the patients. Present findings emphasize the importance of understanding the cortical activity and the central control mechanisms in fibromyalgia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Pain/diagnosis , Women/psychology , Fibromyalgia/diagnosis , Frontal Lobe/pathology , Anxiety/psychology , Spectrum Analysis/instrumentation , Depression/psychology , Electroencephalography/instrumentation
2.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 52(3): e8059, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-984037

ABSTRACT

Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) is a neurophysiological pattern that can be visually scored by international criteria. The aim of this study was to verify the feasibility of visual CAP scoring using only one channel of sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) to evaluate the inter-scorer agreement in a variety of recordings, and to compare agreement between visual scoring and automatic scoring systems. Sixteen hours of single-channel European data format recordings from four different sleep laboratories with either C4-A1 or C3-A2 channels and with different sampling frequencies were used in this study. Seven independent scorers applied visual scoring according to international criteria. Two automatic blind scorings were also evaluated. Event-based inter-scorer agreement analysis was performed. The pairwise inter-scorer agreement (PWISA) was between 55.5 and 84.3%. The average PWISA was above 60% for all scorers and the global average was 69.9%. Automatic scoring systems showed similar results to those of visual scoring. The study showed that CAP could be scored using only one EEG channel. Therefore, CAP scoring might also be integrated in sleep scoring features and automatic scoring systems having similar performances to visual sleep scoring systems.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Sleep Stages/physiology , Electronic Data Processing , Polysomnography/methods , Electroencephalography/methods , Observer Variation , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Polysomnography/instrumentation , Electroencephalography/instrumentation
3.
Rev. bras. med. trab ; 15(2): 167-172, abr.-jun. 2017.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-848126

ABSTRACT

Contexto: O conhecimento e a utilização de metodologias de epidemiologia clínica no cenário atual da prática da medicina do trabalho pode ser um diferencial importante para o profissional que atua no setor. Frequentemente, o médico solicita testes ou encontra-se diante de resultados de exames, devendo decidir sobre a validade ou não de um diagnóstico realizado por colegas, muitas vezes, de outras especialidades. O eletroencefalograma (EEG) é um desses exemplos. A Associação Nacional de Medicina do Trabalho/Associação Médica Brasileira (ANAMT/AMB) publicou, em 2016, a diretriz "Epilepsia e Trabalho", visando orientar seus associados. Nessa diretriz não recomenda a utilização do eletroencefalograma no rastreamento da epilepsia. Objetivos: O presente artigo pretende discutir a utilização da razão de verossimilhança (RV) na avaliação clínica de exames médicos, notadamente no EEG, objetivando comparar os resultados obtidos com essa metodologia da medicina baseada em evidências. Métodos: Inicialmente, realizou-se uma busca bibliográfica em relação à RV na literatura clássica da medicina baseada em evidência. Posteriormente, fez-se a leitura da diretriz e das referências bibliográficas nela citadas, retirando os elementos importantes para o cálculo da RV. Após calcular a RV, realizou-se a comparação dos resultados. Resultados: Foram obtidas RV entre 2,36 e 43,5% dependendo da metodologia de realização do EEG (inicial ou sequencial). Conclusões: O EEG não mostrou ser importante no rastreamento da epilepsia, sempre tendo valor menor do que a percentagem de falso-positivos, mesmo nos casos em que se considera a especificidade de 98,0%, corroborando as recomendações da diretriz.


Background: Knowledge of and use of clinical epidemiology methods within the current scenario of occupational medicine practice might make a difference for the professionals who work in this field. Doctors frequently request or receive the results of tests and must decide on the validity or not of diagnoses made by colleagues, often from other specialties. Electroencephalography (EEG) is one example of this situation. In 2016 the National Association of Occupational Medicine/Brazilian Medical Association (ANAMT/ AMB) published the "Epilepsy and Work" guideline to orient its members, which does not recommend EEG for screening. Objectives: The present article discusses the use of likelihood ratio (LR) for clinical evaluation of medical tests, especially EEG, aiming at comparing the results obtained by means of this evidence-based medicine method. Methods: First a literature search on LR was conducted in the classical literature of evidence-based medicine. Next, the ANAMT/AMB guideline and its bibliographic references were analyzed, and relevant elements for the calculation of LR were extracted. LRs were calculated and the results were compared. Results: The LR values varied from 2.36 to 43.5% according to the EEG method used (initial or sequential). Conclusions: EEG proved not to be relevant for screening for epilepsy, with values systematically lower than the percentage of false-positive results, even in cases when 98.0% of specificity was considered, thus corroborating the recommendation made in ANAMT/AMB guideline.


Subject(s)
Mass Screening , Medical Care Statistics , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Epilepsy/epidemiology , Occupational Medicine/standards , Likelihood Functions , Evidence-Based Medicine
4.
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine ; : 260-266, 2016.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-36005

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The efficacy of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring during colonoscopic sedation is debated. We aimed to determine whether BIS monitoring was useful for propofol dose titration, and to evaluate differences in sedative administration between expert and inexperienced medical personnel during colonoscopy procedures that required moderate sedation. METHODS: Between February 2012 and August 2013, 280 consecutive patients scheduled to undergo a screening colonoscopy participated in this study and were randomly allocated to the expert or inexperienced endoscopist group. Each group was further divided into either a BIS or a modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (MOAA/S) subgroup. Trained nurses administered combined propofol sedation and monitored sedation using either the BIS or MOAA/S scale. RESULTS: The mean BIS value throughout the procedure was 74.3 +/- 6.7 for all 141 patients in the BIS group. The mean total propofol dose administered in the BIS group was higher than that in the MOAA/S group, independently of the endoscopists' experience level (36.9 +/- 29.6 and 11.3 +/- 20.7, respectively; p < 0.001). The total dose of propofol administered was not significantly different between the inexperienced endoscopist group and the expert endoscopist group, both with and without the use of BIS (p = 0.430 and p = 0.640, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with monitoring using the MOAA/S score alone, BIS monitoring was not effective for titrating the dose of propofol during colonoscopy, irrespective of colonoscopist experience.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anesthetics, Intravenous/administration & dosage , Clinical Competence , Colonoscopy , Conscious Sedation/adverse effects , Consciousness/drug effects , Consciousness Monitors , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Nurse Anesthetists , Predictive Value of Tests , Propofol/administration & dosage , Prospective Studies , Republic of Korea
5.
MedicalExpress (São Paulo, Online) ; 2(6)Nov.-Dec. 2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-773523

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The development of Brain Computer Interfaces based on Auditory Selective Attention allows patients unable to voluntarily control eye movement to interact with the interface, because such systems are independent of vision. An alternative technique suitable for Brain Computer Interface applications is Spatial Coherence, an objective method to detect the side where a subject is focusing attention. This method takes into consideration the Coherence Function and the topographic distribution of responses between EEG electrodes. In this work, we further study the Information Transfer Rate and the effects of overlapping windows in the calculations. The idea behind the overlapping is to decrease the duration of the test in order to augment the Information Transfer Rate. METHOD: EEG signals were collected from fourteen adult men aged between 19 and 28 years. Amplitude-modulated tones were used for stimulation, with 32 and 38 Hz modulation and 500 and 2000 Hz carrier frequencies, on the left and right ears, respectively. Spatial coherence was used in an online Brain Computer Interface system using auditory steady-state responses modulated by Auditory Selective Attention. RESULTS: The obtained hit rates and the Information Transfer Rate may be considered appropriate, with a maximum value of 82% and 1.89 bits/min. The better detector regarding sensitivity versus specificity can be obtained by using a 50% overlap between consecutive data windows. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the Spatial Coherence successfully detected the focus of attention, and it seemed useful as a classifier of the attention condition for vision-free Brain Computer Interface.


O desenvolvimento de interfaces cérebro computador (BCI), com base em atenção seletiva auditiva (ASA), auxilia pacientes que não conseguem controlar voluntariamente o movimento do olho para interagir com interfaces visuais, uma vez que tais sistemas são independentes de visão. A Coerência Espacial é técnica alternativa adequada para aplicações BCI, tal técnica é usada em eletroencefalograma (EEG) para detectar o lado, ou hemisfério, em que o sujeito está focalizando atenção. Este método leva em consideração a função de coerência e a distribuição topográfica das respostas entre os eletrodos de EEG. Neste estudo foram coletados sinais EEG de 14 homens adultos com idade entre 19 e 28 anos com aplicação de estímulos sonoros, tons em amplitude modulada (AM) com frequência de modulação e portadora 32/500 Hz na orelha esquerda e 38/2000 Hz na orelha direita. A coerência espacial foi usada em um sistema BCI on-line com ASSR modulada pela atenção seletiva auditiva. Neste trabalho, foi abordado a taxa de transferência de informação (ITR) e os efeitos de sobreposição de janelas nas estimativas da coerência com objetivo de reduzir a duração do ensaio e aumentar a ITR. Conclui-se que a coerência espacial pode útil para detecção do foco de atenção, aplicado a BCI. As taxas de sensibilidade e ITR máximas são de 82% e 1,89 bits/min. Neste caso a melhor sensibilidade e especificidade foram obtidas com 50% de sobreposição entre as janelas nas estimativas da coerência.


Subject(s)
Humans , Acoustic Stimulation , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Sense of Coherence , Brain-Computer Interfaces
6.
IJPM-International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2013; 4 (Supp. 2): 323-329
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-127475

ABSTRACT

Nowadays Medical equipment plays an important role in the treatment and in the medical education. Using outdated preventive maintenance [PM] system may cause problems in the cutting edge medical equipment, Nervous system disease's equipment [In diagnosis and treatment] which are crucial for every medical center. Based on above facts we focused on nervous system treat units' equipment and informed the supervisors and their colleagues about the latest equipment maintenance status and promoted methodical and correct method to be used for medical equipment maintenance. This research is an analytical descriptive and has been done on the base information from a particular time to past. We gathered our required information of 2009 from Alzahra Medical Center. We divided this research info 2 main phases. In the first phase, we picked out Neurosurgery and Neourology diseases medical equipment [diagnosis and therapy equipment] and in the second phase, we need to implement a methodical PM for every equipment. Research has shown that there are 19 nervous system equipment in Alzahra Medical center, categorized in diagnostic [13 pcs], therapeutic [4 pcs] and diagnostic therapeutic [2 pcs]. As we declare in methods part of this research, we categorized medical equipment in Food and Drug Administration [FDA] segmentation. Capital-scarce equipment: Magnetic resonance imaging, Eco Doppler, Kamalaarak ultrasonic surgical aspirator, Stereotactic, computed tomography-scan, euroendoscope/vital-scarce equipment: Coblation, Sonoco, vaterjet/ scarce equipment: Transcranial color Doppler, electroencephalogram, electromyography, surgical microscope. Survey of application and preventive maintenance of neurology medical equipment in Isfahan Alzahra hospital show there is no P.M system. Implementing a complete P.M system for this medical center is crucial to preventing cause problems for these medical equipment and decreasing maintenance costs and gaining uptime. Researchers of this article have tried to provide PM, use of texts, web and experts


Subject(s)
Neurology/instrumentation , Maintenance , Radiography/instrumentation , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/instrumentation , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Electromyography/instrumentation , Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed
7.
Rev. méd. Minas Gerais ; 21(2 supl.3): 49-57, abri.-jun.2011. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-786239

ABSTRACT

O índice bispectral (BIS) é um parâmetro multifatorial que permite a monitorização da componente hipnótico da anestesia. O BIS provê medidas quantificáveis do efeito de anestésicos no cérebro que correlacionam com a profundidade da anestesia. A monito-rização da profundidade anestésica na indução e manutenção da anestesia geral previne consciência e despertar intraoperatório, permite titular a quantidade de anestésicos adequada para promover a rápida recuperação da anestesia e evitar efeitos adversos da superdosagem dos fármacos. Desde sua introdução, a monitorização com BIS vem se tornando comum na prática anestésica. Esta revisão tem o objetivo de elucidar o papel do BIS na monitorização da hipnose na anestesia geral. Foi realizada revisão sobre o conceito de anestesia geral e monitorização da profundidade anestésica com o uso do BIS, bem como atualizações dos benefícios de seu emprego para a qualidade da anestesia, interpretação dos artefatos e drogas que podem interferir na sua utilização...


The bispectral index (BIS) is a multifactorial parameter that allows monitoring of the hypnotic component of anesthesia. The BIS provides quantitiable measures of the effect of anesthetics in the brain that correia te with the depth of anesthesia. Monitoring anesthetic depth during induction and maintenance of general anesthesia prevents intraoperative awakening and conscience and allows to holder the amount of anesthetic agents appropriate to promote a speedy recovery of anesthesia and avoid adverse effects of an overdose of drugs. Since its introduction, the BIS monitoring is becoming acommonplace in anesthetic practice. This review has the objective of elucidating the role of BIS monitor- ing in hypnosis of general anesthesia. A Literature review was conducted on the concepts of general anesthesia and monitoring of anesthetic depth using the BIS Moreover, recent articles on studies of BIS and its benetits in the quality of general anesthesia as well as the presence of artifacts and drugs that may interfere in its utilization...


Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthetics/administration & dosage , Intraoperative Awareness , Hypnosis, Anesthetic/instrumentation , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Consciousness Monitors , Anesthesia, General/instrumentation , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
8.
Rev. ing. bioméd ; 4(8): 22-33, jul.-dic. 2010. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-590327

ABSTRACT

En la actualidad, las Interfaces Cerebro-Computador (ICC) se diseñan con el fin de usarlas tanto en estudios experimentales como clínicos, y cuyos resultados permiten la creación de nuevas tecnologías asistidas para personas que se encuentran en situación de discapacidad motora. En el año 2008 se desarrolló un prototipo de una ICC en la Escuela de Ingeniería de Antioquia y la Universidad CES, la cual hace uso de los potenciales evocados cognitivos P300 mediante electroencefalografía (EEG). En este trabajo se propone un estudio experimental y estadístico para comparar un prototipo de ICC con un sistema comercial (USBamp), estudiando si existen diferencias significativas entre los dos sistemas. El estudio se concentra en pruebas destinadas a la caracterización de sistemas empleando como entrada, inicialmente, señales determinísticas con diferentes valores de frecuencia y amplitud, y cuya evaluación se hace a través del valor cuadrático medio, la densidad espectral de las señales, el tiempo de respuesta y el máximo pico ante un estímulo. En segunda instancia, se realizan pruebas análogas en señales de P300 evaluando la energía de la señal y el tiempo de latencia por canal. Se hace uso de elementos de inferencia estadística como la evaluación de hipótesis para dos medias suponiendo varianzas desconocidas iguales y prueba de medias para dos muestras pareadas. De las pruebas evaluadas se concluye que la ICC es apta en cuanto la adquisición de EEG y su procesamiento, pero se establecen planes de mejoramiento para algunos tratamientos que incluyen el diseño de nuevos circuitos para mejorar el ancho de banda.


Nowadays, brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are designed to use them in experimental and clinical studies, which results allow the creation of new assistive technologies for people with motor disabilities. In 2008, a prototype of a BCI was developed in the School of Engineering of Antioquia and University CES, which uses the cognitive P300 evoked potential recorded by electroencephalography (EEG). In this paper we propose an experimental and statistical design to compare our BCI prototype with a commercial device (USBamp), studying if they show significant differences or not. At first instance, this study is focused in some tests that characterize the systems using as input, deterministic signals with different values of frequency and amplitude, and which evaluation is made through mean square value, signals spectral density, response time and maximum peak during a stimulus. Secondly, we performed some analog tests in P300 signals evaluating signal energy and latency per channel. We use elements of statistical inference such as: the evaluation of a hypothesis for two means assuming unknown equal variances and equal means tests for two paired samples. According to the evidence, we concluded that our BCI is suitable to measure and process EEG signals but is necessary to establish some improvement for certain treatments such as: the design of new circuits to optimize band width.


Subject(s)
Event-Related Potentials, P300 , Electroencephalography/statistics & numerical data , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Data Interpretation, Statistical
9.
J. bras. psiquiatr ; 57(1): 52-56, 2008.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-485733

ABSTRACT

Discutir as crises ou os eventos paroxísticos que simulem crises epilépticas, enfatizando as diferenças semiológicas entre elas e as perspectivas terapêuticas. Realizamos uma revisão da literatura, selecionando artigos nas bases de dados Medline e Bireme, a partir dos unitermos: "non-epileptic seizures", "psychogenic seizures". As crises não-epilépticas (CNE) podem ser classificadas em fisiológicas (síncope, migrânea, ataque isquêmico transitório) e em psicogênicas (voluntárias ou não). O padrão-ouro para a diferenciação entre as crises epilépticas e as CNE é o videoeletroencefalograma, mas vários dados semiológicos podem auxiliar esse processo. O tratamento das CNE baseia-se em psicoterapia e em farmacoterapia direcionadas aos transtornos psiquiátricos comórbidos. Apesar de a alta prevalência das CNE e de sua elevada morbidade, são escassos os estudos na literatura nacional. São muitos os desafios diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Assim, o psiquiatra atentar-se à sua ocorrência, evitando iatrogenia, como o uso desnecessário de drogas antiepilépticas.


To discuss paroxysmal events that mimic epileptic seizures with emphasis on their semiologic differences and therapeutic perspectives. We did a narrative review of the literature based on selected papers in Medline and Bireme after searching for the uniterms "non-epileptic seizures" and "psychogenic seizures". Nonepileptic seizures (NES) can be classified in physiological (syncope, migraine, transitory ischemic attack) and psychogenic (voluntary or involuntary). The gold-standard in the differentiation of epileptic and nonepileptic seizures is the video-electroencefalogram, but many semiologic features can contribute to this process. The treatment of NES is based mainly on psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy directed to comorbid psychiatric disorders. Despite the high prevalence and elevated morbidity of the NES, there are just few studies on this subject in the Brazilian literature. There are many diagnostic and therapeutic challenges related to NES. Hence, psychiatrists should be aware of the occurrence of NES, avoiding iatrogenic interventions such as the unnecessary administration of anti-epileptic drugs.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Seizures/therapy , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Epilepsy/epidemiology , Brazil , Diagnosis, Differential , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Prevalence
10.
J. epilepsy clin. neurophysiol ; 13(4): 179-182, Dec. 2007. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-476673

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Sleep spindles, the hallmark of sleep synchronization in stage 2 non-REM sleep, are rhythmic and monomorphic waves, between 10 and 14 Hz, with a maximum amplitude in the vertex (Cz), with bilateral irradiation to central regions (C3 and C4). OBJECTIVE: In this article we present an overview of sleep spindles ranging from well established concepts of morphology, generation mechanisms, maturational features, abnormal patterns and pathological aspects since the knowledge is important to identify the normal and abnormal patterns. CONCLUSION: Centro-parietal and frontal spindle are normal pattern and extreme spindle is abnormal, mostly found in children mentally retarded up to 5 years-old. In this review research boundaries of memory consolidation, synaptic potentiation and brain plasticity were also presented.


INTRODUÇÃO: Fusos de sono, marco da sincronização do sono no estágio 2 do sono não-REM, são ondas rítmicas e monomórficas, entre 10 e 14 Hz, com amplitude máxima no vértex (Cz), e irradiação bilateral para áreas centrais (C3 e C4). OBJETIVO: Neste artigo apresentamos uma revisão sobre fusos de sono abrangendo conceitos bem estabelecidos de morfologia, mecanismos de geração, características maturacionais, padrões anormais e aspectos patológicos, uma vez que o conhecimento se faz necessário para a identificação de padrões normais e patológicos. CONCLUSÕES: Fusos centro-parietal e frontal são padrões fisiológiocs normais do sono fase 2 enquanto fusos extremos é um padrão patológico encontrado em crianças abaixo de 5 anos com retardo mental. Fronteiras da pesquisas quanto à consolidação da memória, potenciação sináptica e plasticidade cerebral também foram revisados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Sleep Stages , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Sleep Medicine Specialty
11.
J. epilepsy clin. neurophysiol ; 13(2): 59-63, June 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-458776

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: Crise febril (CF) é comum, e ocorre em aproximadamente 2 a 5 por cento das crianças até 5 anos de idade. OBJETIVO E MÉTODOS: Avaliar a relação entre aspectos clínicos e ocorrência de atividade epileptiforme (AE) no eletrencefalograma (EEG) em crianças com CF e, naquelas em que houve seguimento, observar, também, o aparecimento de crises epilépticas não febris (CNF). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 1162 crianças de 4 meses a 5 anos de idade. Houve predomínio de CF simples (82,4 por cento) e de episódio único (62,0 por cento). Houve maior recorrência de CF quando a primeira crise ocorreu antes dos 12 meses de idade ou quando era complexa. AE foi encontrada em porcentagem crescente com a idade da criança; em 3 por cento dos pacientes até os dois anos de idade e 33 por cento após os 4 anos. Pontas evocadas pela percussão de pés ou mãos (PE) ocorreu em 3,4 por cento dos casos. CNF foi relatada em 38 (9,5 por cento) crianças. Não houve correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o tipo e número de CF, idade de ocorrência da primeira CF, presença de AE e de PE no EEG e a ocorrência ou o tipo de CNF, no seguimento. DISCUSSÃO: Há aspectos ainda controversos na literatura, como o prognóstico em relação ao desenvolvimento de epilepsia e o eventual efeito de AE persistente quanto à cognição e comportamento nas crianças que apresentam CF, a exigir pesquisas prospectivas longitudinais.


INTRODUCTION: Febrile seizures (FS) occur in about 2-5 percent of the children from the age of 6 months do 5 years of age. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyze clinical and EEG aspects of children with febrile seizures. Methods: We retrospectively studied 1162 children (age range: 4 months to 5 years) with FS. The relationship between clinical and EEG abnormalities was statistically analyzed. RESULTS: In the majority of cases there were simple febrile seizures (82 percent) and unique seizures (62 percent). The recurrence rate of FS was higher for children with the first seizure bellow 12 months of age, and when the FS were complicated. Ninety-five (8.1 percent) children showed focal epileptiform activity (EA) in the first EEG, and 3.4 percent had somatosensory evoked spikes by foot or hand stimulation. There was a increase in percentage of EA with the increase of age (3 percent until 12 months and 33 percent after 48 moths). Afebrile seizures subsequent to the FS occurred in 9,4 percent of the cases. EA, a family history of seizures, and the type of FS were not significant risk factors for subsequent afebrile seizures. DISCUSSION: In order to understand the relationship between FS and the occurrence of epilepsy, and to evaluate possible cognitive and behaviour problems associated to the persistent epileptiform activity there is a need of longitudinal studies.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Landau-Kleffner Syndrome , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Child Behavior , Cognition , Seizures, Febrile
12.
J. epilepsy clin. neurophysiol ; 13(1): 17-20, Mar. 2007.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-457660

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: It is currently estimated that more than 10 million children all over the world have epilepsy and the EEG is the most commonly used diagnostic test in the investigation of these patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the sensibility of the EEG in revealing abnormalities in children with the clinical hypothesis of an epileptic seizure. METHODS: Out of 970 EEGs obtained between April 2005 and August 2006 at Pequeno Príncipe Children's Hospital, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 692 fit the criteria proposed (clinical hypothesis of an epileptic seizure after the evaluation of a pediatric neurologist). All EEGs were recorded digitally, with minimal duration of 20 minutes and electrodes positioned according to the International System 10-20. Neonates were excluded. RESULTS: Age ranged from 30 days to 16.5 years (mean of 6.4 years and median of 4.1 years), 403 were female (58.2 percent). Out of the 692 EEG included in the study, 281 (40.6 percent) yielded abnormal results, 96 (34.2 percent) with abnormalities of the background activity (disorganization and/or asymmetry) and 185 (65.8 percent) with epileptiform paroxysms. The sensibility of the EEG was 40.6 percent. Sharpe wave occurred in 77 cases (41.6 percent), spike in 21 (11.4 percent), polispike in 14 (7.6 percent), spike-wave in 17 (9.2 percent), polispike-wave in 24 (13.0 percent) and exams with discharges of more than one morphology in 32 (17.3 percent). CONCLUSION: Our data strengthen the concept that even though the diagnosis of epilepsy is clinical and based on the semiological description of the epileptic crisis, the EEG has a good sensibility when properly indicated.


INTRODUÇÃO: Estima-se que mais de 10 milhões de crianças sejam portadoras de epilepsia em todo o mundo e o EEG é o exame mais utilizado na investigação destes pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a sensibilidade do EEG em demonstrar anormalidades em crianças com suspeita clínica de crise epiléptica. METODOLOGIA: Dos 970 laudos de EEG realizados entre abril de 2005 e agosto de 2006 no Hospital Infantil Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brasil, 692 enquadravam-se na metodologia proposta (suspeita clínica de crise epiléptica após avaliação de neurologista infantil). Os EEGs foram realizados em equipamento digital, com duração mínima de 20 minutos e eletrodos posicionados segundo o Sistema Internacional 10-20. Foram excluídos os recém nascidos. RESULTADOS: Idade variou entre 30 dias de vida e 16,5 anos (média de 6,4 anos e mediana de 4,1 anos), sendo 403 do sexo feminino (58,2 por cento). Dos 692 EEGs incluídos no estudo, 281 eram alterados, dos quais 96 (34,2 por cento) apresentaram anormalidades da atividade de base (desorganização e/ou assimetria) e 185 (65,8 por cento) paroxismos epileptiformes. A sensibilidade do EEG foi de 40,6 por cento. Descargas de onda aguda ocorreram em 77 casos (41,6 por cento), espícula em 21 (11,4 por cento), polispícula em 14 (7,6 por cento), espícula-onda em 17 (9,2 por cento), polispícula-onda em 24 (13,0 por cento) e exames com descargas com mais de uma morfologia em 32 (17,3 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos dados reforçam o conceito de que embora o diagnóstico da epilepsia seja clínico e baseado em dados semiológicos das crises epilépticas, o EEG tem boa sensibilidade quando adequadamente indicado.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Seizures , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Epilepsy/diagnosis
13.
J. epilepsy clin. neurophysiol ; 13(1): 29-31, Mar. 2007. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-457662

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: Lentificação difusa ou focal da atividade de base e atividade epileptiforme ao eletrencefalograma, assim como desenvolvimento de crises epilépticas foram descritas, na literatura, em pacientes em uso de drogas antipsicóticas, como os fenotiazidicos e a butirofenona. No entanto, há relatos de baixo risco de ocorrência de crises epilépticas relacionadas ao uso da olanzapina. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação de olanzapina e crises epilépticas em dois casos. MÉTODO: São Relatados os casos de dois acientes de 45 e 37 anos de idade, com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, que apresentaram crises epilépticas generalizadas, respectivamente, quatro meses e um mês após o início do uso de olanzapina. No eletrencefalograma havia complexos de ponta-onda generalizados em um paciente e focais em outro. CONCLUSÃO: Houve associação de crises epilépticas e uso de olanzapina em dois casos.


INTRODUCTION: Slowing and epileptiform activity in EEG-patterns as well as epileptic seizures have been published during antipsychotic therapy with phenothiazines and butyrophenones. More recently, olanzepine, a new class of antipsychotic drug for use in treatment of refractory schizophrenics has been associated with a low risk of epileptic seizure occurrence. METHODS: We studied two patients, 45 and 37 years old, with schizophrenia and generalized epileptic seizures appearing, respectively, four and one month after starting olanzapine treatment. Their electroencephalogram showed spike-wave discharges generalized in one case and focal in the second patient. CONCLUSION: It was observed an association between epileptic seizures and olanzapine use.


Subject(s)
Humans , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Seizures/etiology , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Epilepsy/pathology , /adverse effects
14.
J. epilepsy clin. neurophysiol ; 12(3): 169-173, Sept. 2006. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-450952

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: Muitos portadores de epilepsias parciais não apresentam foco epileptogênico facilmente identificado na investigação com EEG de superfície e ressonância magnética (RM). Nestes casos o uso de técnicas de neuroimagem funcional como a tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET) interictal e a tomografia por emissão de fóton único (SPECT) ictal devem ser considerados, visando evitar a colocação de eletrodos profundos em alguns casos ou guiar o posicionamento destes em outros. O exame de PET, no entanto, não é disponível em grande parte dos centros de epilepsia, principalmente por seu alto custo. OBJETIVO: O nosso objetivo é demonstrar que a utilização de FDG-18F SPECT interictal pode ser uma boa alternativa ao uso do PET na localização do foco e planejamento cirúrgico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Relato de uma paciente com epilepsia parcial de lobo temporal neocortical, refratária a tratamento clínico, com RM normal e EEG ictal sem localização definida do foco epileptogênico. RESULTADOS: Após a extensa investigação pré cirúrgica sem resultados satisfatórios optou-se pela realização de exame de medicina nuclear FDG-18F SPECT interictal. O exame demonstrou hipometabolismo na região anterior das porções mesial e lateral do lobo temporal direito. A paciente foi, então, submetida à ressecção destas áreas e permanece com excelente controle de crises (Engel IB) 24 meses após a cirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: O FDG-18F SPECT pode tornar-se um substituto do PET nos locais onde esta tecnologia não é disponível.


INTRODUCTION: Several patients with partial epilepsies do not present an easily identified epileptogenic focus on scalp EEG or visible lesion on MRI. There are some useful functional neuroimaging techniques that could be considered in these cases, such as interictal positron emission tomography (PET) scan and ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). These techniques can guide the placement of deep electrodes or even prevent their use in some situations. Unfortunately, PET scanners are not easily available in a great number of epilepsy centers because of its cost. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that 18F-FDG SPECT could be a good alternative replacing PET scan on localization of epileptic focus and surgical planning in places where this technology is not available. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case report of a patient with refractory neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy, with normal MRI and nuclear EEG localization. RESULTS: The patient was submitted to interictal 18F-FDG SPECT scan, that showed hypometabolism in the anterior, mesial and lateral parts of the right temporal lobe. These areas were surgically resected and the patient outcome after 24 moths has been very good (Engel IB). CONCLUSION: We suggest that in some situations an interictal 18F-FDG SPECT scan could replace 18F-FDG PET scan where this technique is not available.


Subject(s)
Humans , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/instrumentation , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/instrumentation , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/diagnostic imaging , Nuclear Medicine/methods
15.
J. epilepsy clin. neurophysiol ; 12(2): 69-72, June 2006. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-450912

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate classification, EEG tracings and neuroimage following the first episode of unprovoked epileptic seizure in a pediatric population. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with first episode of unprovoked epileptic seizure from May 2000 to May 2005 were included. All subjects were submitted to EEG and cranial CT in the first 72 hours after the event. Seizures were classified according to the ILAE classification criteria of 1981. RESULTS: 387 patients, 214 (55.3 percent) male, average age 4.2 years. Neuropsicomotor development was normal in 315 (81.4 percent) patients. Seizure classification: 167 (43.15 percent) generalized, tonic-clonic being the most frequent of these (105/62.85 percent), followed by typical absence (22/13.17 percent), clonic (20/11.98 percent), tonic (13/7.78 percent) and atonic (7/4.19 percent). Focal seizures: 220 (56.85 percent), complex partial with secondary generalization as the most common of these (81/36.82 percent). EEG was normal in 208 (53.75 percent) cases. Brain atrophy was the most frequent abnormality on cranial CT. DISCUSSION: The majority of the children had normal neurodevelopment after a first unprovoked epileptic seizure. Partial seizures were more frequent than generalized seizures. Early EEG identifies interictal paroxysms or focal slowing in virtually half the patients.


OBJETIVO: Avaliar a classificação, resultados de EEG e de neuroimagem após a primeira crise epiléptica não-provocada em uma população pediátrica. METODOLOGIA: Pacientes atendidos entre maio de 2000 e maio de 2005 com diagnóstico de primeira crise epiléptica não-provocada. Todos foram submetidos a EEG e tomografia de crânio nas primeiras 72 horas após o evento. As crises foram classificadas segundo a Classificação da ILAE, 1981. RESULTADOS: 387 pacientes, sendo 214 (55.30 por cento) do sexo masculino, com idade média de 4.2 anos. O desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor foi normal em 315 (81.40 por cento) pacientes. Classificação das crises: 167 (43.15 por cento) generalizadas, das quais a mais freqüente foi a crise tônico-clônica (105/62.85 por cento), seguida pelas crises de ausência típica (22/13.17 por cento), clônica (20/11.98 por cento), tônica (13/7.78 por cento) e atônica (7/4.19 por cento). Crises focais: 220 (56.85 por cento), sendo a crise parcial complexa com generalização secundária a mais freqüente (81/36.82 por cento). EEG normal em 208 (53.75 por cento) casos. A anormalidade mais observada na tomografia de crânio foi atrofia cerebral. CONCLUSÕES: A maioria das crianças apresentou desenvolvimento neuro-psicomotor normal após a primeira crise epiléptica não-provocada. Crises parciais foram mais freqüentes que as generalizadas. EEG realizado precocemente identifica paroxismos interictais ou alentecimentos focais em praticamente metade dos pacientes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Seizures/etiology , Tomography/instrumentation , Epilepsies, Partial , Electroencephalography/instrumentation
16.
J. epilepsy clin. neurophysiol ; 12(2): 89-94, June 2006. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-450915

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Ictal fear (IF) is one of the most frequent emotional auras. It is the sole or predominant manifestation of simple partial seizures or initial expression of a complex partial seizure. It is more often experienced in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), probably associated with mesial temporal structures, like the amygdala. Anxiety disorders are very common psychiatric disorders associated with epilepsy, with a prevalence of 15 to 25 percent. OBJECTIVES: To describe three patients with IF with refractory mesial TLE, also presenting the results of EEG, imaging exams, neuropsychological, quality of life and psychiatric evaluations. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three case reports of patients with refractory mesial TLE and IF followed up in the outpatient's clinic at the Epilepsy Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil, were submitted to presurgical evaluation and corticoamygdalohippocampectomy. Two patients presented ictal scalp-sphenoidal EEG onset on left side. Two patients had major depressive disorder in psychiatric evaluation. CONCLUSION: Although IF is the most frequent ictal psychological symptom, anxiety and mood disorders are very common psychiatric comorbidity in patients with epilepsy. It was concluded that differential diagnosis of interictal anxiety disorders, panic attacks and IF can be difficult, and requires careful management.


INTRODUÇÃO: O medo ictal (IF) é uma aura comum. Pode ser a unica manifestação de uma crise parcial simples ou o início de uma crise parcial complexa. Freqüentemente vivenciada por pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal mesial (TLE) é associada a comprometimento de estruturas mesiais como a amígdala. Os transtornos de ansiedade são muito comuns entre os transtornos psiquiátricos associados a epilepsia, com uma prevalência de 15 a 20 por cento. OBJETIVOS: descrever três casos de pacientes com medo ictal como manifestação de epilepsia refratária do lobo temporal mesial, apresentando também resultados do EEG, exames de imagem, avaliação neuropsicológica, de qualidade de vida e psiquiátrica. MÉTODOS E RESULTADOS: Três pacientes acompanhados no ambulatório do setor de Epilepsia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo com epilepsia refratária do lobo temporal mesial foram submetidos a avaliação pré-cirúrgica e cortico-amidalahipocampectomia. Dois apresentaram EEG de superficie com eletrodos esfenoidais com início ictal do lado esquerdo e dois tinham transtorno de depressão maior segundo a avaliação psiquiátrica. CONCLUSÃO: Embora o medo ictal seja uma aura freqüente, é importante levar em conta os índices elevados de comorbidades psiquiátricas, como os transtornos ansiosos, nos pacientes com epilepsia. Concluiu-se que pode ser difícil o diagnóstico diferencial de transtornos de ansiedade interictal, ataques de pânico e medo ictal, exigindo um manejo cuidadoso.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anxiety Disorders/etiology , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/pathology , Fear/psychology , Drug Resistant Epilepsy , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Neuropsychological Tests
17.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-43039

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Bispectral index has been introduced to provide optimal level of anesthesia. However, Bispectral index monitoring may not be cost effective in a relatively short procedures due to the high costs of the electrode. The authors conducted the present study to compare the feasibility of commercially available electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes instead of the Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The authors evaluated the difference in signal quality index (SQI) and BIS values collected from two BIS monitors, using ECG electrodes and BIS electrodes on the same patients before anesthesia, during light anesthesia, deep anesthesia and the emergence period Both sets of electrodes were placed at bifrontal areas throughout the procedure. Statistical analysis was evaluated by mean difference 95% confidence limits of agreement and visualized by Bland-Altman plot. A parametric analysis was analyzed using paired t-test. RESULTS: There were 390 parallel signal quality index and BIS values recorded in the present study. During anesthesia the mean BIS values were 58.63 +/- 18.77 in the ECG electrode group and 56.99 +/- 19.84 in the BIS electrode group, which were not statistically different. The mean SQI values were 79.2 +/- 24.8 and 82.8 +/- 21.6 using ECG electrodes and BIS electrodes, respectively. The mean difference between BIS values was 1.65 with 95% confidence limits of agreement between 0.91 and 2.38. CONCLUSION: Commercial ECG electrodes could be used for monitoring depth of anesthesia with clinically acceptable mean bias and 95% confidence limits of agreement of BIS value obtained from BIS electrode.


Subject(s)
Anesthesia, General , Consciousness/physiology , Electric Impedance , Electrocardiography/instrumentation , Electrodes/economics , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Feasibility Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Monitoring, Intraoperative/economics , Prospective Studies
20.
Rev. Hosp. Matern. Infant. Ramon Sarda ; 22(3): 100-105, 2003. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-391511

ABSTRACT

Es una búsqueda incesante de la neonatología, hallar métodos adecuados para un diagnóstico temprano de encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémico (EHI) y a su vez considerar su pronóstico. La electroencefalografía computarizada es actualmente un complemento en la práctica de los servicios de unidades intensivas neonatales. Recientemente los registros prolongados computarizados de la actividad eléctrica cerebral se han impuesto favorablemente. El "electroencefalograma integrado de amplitud continua" (SAIC) es un método altamente específico, fácil, que puede ser utilizado e interpretado on-line por personal de neonatología luego de un entrenamiento poco complejo. Se realizaron registros en las primeras horas de vida en una población de 7 RN de término con EHI, de 36 a 40 semanas, entre abril del 2001 y diciembre del 2002. Uno de ellos padeció asfixia obstructiva a las 48 horas de vida y los seis restantes padecieron EHI desde el nacimiento. La encefalopatía fue definida según la clasificación de Sarnat y Sarnat en: 6 niños grado 3 y un niño grado 2. Es factible realizar en unidad de terapia intensiva un registro que dure entre 20 minutos y 6 horas de acuerdo a la complejidad del paciente y sus posibilidades asistenciales. Los resultados obtenidos en función del registro de condensación fue: menos de 5 mv: cuatro niños; entre 5 y 10 mv: dos niños; más de 10 mv: un niño que tuvo buena evolución. Dos niños de la muestra fallecieron al cabo de su asistencia en UCIN. Los datos presentados pueden contribuir a predecir mejor, desde las primeras horas de vida, el futuro de los RN con EHI, definir el criterio terapéutico y la incorporación de agentes neuroprotectores.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Electroencephalography/instrumentation , Electroencephalography/methods , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/classification , Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological , Early Diagnosis , Incidence , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Prognosis
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